Abstract The outbreak of the pandemic in 2020 represented one of the greatest educational challenges of recent times, making the goal to achieve inclusive education even more challenging. In Chile, schools had various initiatives to address distance learning in a context of social inequity. The present study sought to understand how teachers' agency for inclusion was developed in a Chilean school. A mixed parallel design was used, using a self-reported questionnaire by teachers to go deep into the changes made, and a group interview to delve into the institution organization. Among the results, actions that sought to adapt the traditional to the new educational context under the idea of reaching all students from the emotional bond stand out. These changes are mostly made among teachers, based on relationships of trust and emotional support in the absence of institutional support. The results presented contribute to broaden the understanding of teachers' agency for inclusion in the context of the COVID crisis, opening questions for the approach of the subject in the context of face-to-face teaching.

Resumen La irrupción de la pandemia el año 2020 significó uno de los desafíos educativos más grandes del último tiempo, haciendo más desafiante el anhelo de alcanzar una educación inclusiva. En Chile, las comunidades escolares emprendieron diversas iniciativas para abordar la enseñanza a distancia en un contexto de inequidad social. El presente estudio buscó comprender cómo se desarrolló la agencia docente para la inclusión en una escuela chilena. Se utilizó un diseño mixto de tipo paralelo, utilizando un cuestionario auto reportado por los y las docentes para ahondar en los cambios realizados, y una entrevista grupal para profundizar en la organización de la institución. Dentro de los resultados, destacan acciones que buscaban adaptar lo tradicional al nuevo contexto educativo bajo la idea de llegar a todos los y las estudiantes desde el vínculo emocional. Estos cambios se realizan mayoritariamente entre docentes, basados en relaciones de confianza y contención emocional en ausencia de apoyo institucional. Los resultados presentados contribuyen a ampliar la comprensión de la agencia docente para la inclusión en el marco de la crisis por COVID abriendo preguntas para el abordaje de la temática en el marco de la presencialidad.

Abstract Materialism has been recognized as an important variable in postmodern societies; however, most of the studies on this concept have focused on the adult population. The aim of the present study is to determine the possible association between materialism and life satisfaction, and the possible mediating role of attitudes towards money and peer influence in this association, in a sample of Chilean adolescents. A sample of 1325 Chilean secondary school students completed a questionnaire measuring materialism, attitudes in regards with money, susceptibility to peer influence, and satisfaction with life. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the scalers. Secondly, a theoretical model was tested using Hayes (2013) SPSS macro, PROCESS. The theoretical model included materialism as the predictor variable, satisfaction with life as the predicted variable, and attitudes towards money and susceptibility to peer influence as mediator variables. Results indicate that materialistic attitudes regarding money strengthens a negative relation between materialism and satisfaction with life. This tendency is not observed in susceptibility to peer influence despite being positively associated with materialism and attitudes regarding money. These findings suggest that the variables materialism and attitudes regarding money play a relevant role in the life satisfaction of Chilean adolescents.

Resumen El materialismo se ha reconocido como una variable importante en sociedades posmodernas, sin embargo, la mayor parte de los estudios respecto a este concepto se han centrado en población adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la posible asociación entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida, y el posible rol mediador de las actitudes hacia el dinero y la influencia de pares en dicha asociación, en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos 1325 estudiantes de secundaria completaron un cuestionario que media materialismo, actitudes hacia el dinero, susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares, y satisfacción con la vida. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para validar las escalas utilizadas. En segundo lugar, se probó un modelo teórico utilizando la macro PROCESS de SPSS de Hayes (2013). El modelo teórico consideró materialismo como variable predictora, satisfacción con la vida como variable predicha, y actitudes hacia el dinero, y susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares como variables mediadoras. Los resultados indican que actitudes materialistas hacia el dinero fortalecen una asociación negativa entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida. Esta tendencia no se observa en susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares a pesar de estar asociada positivamente con materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero. Estos Hallazgos sugieren que las variables materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero juegan un rol relevante en la satisfacción con la vida de adolescentes chilenos.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo de los individuos. La SWLS ha sido validada en numerosos contextos y poblaciones, pero la invarianza de medida a nivel transcultural en adultos emergentes ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la invarianza de medida de la SWLS en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España y según género. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 165 estudiantes universitarios de Chile (66.7% mujeres, edad promedio = 21.9, DE = 2.35) y 109 estudiantes de España (48.6% mujeres, edad promedio = 22.9, DE = 2.4) completaron la SWLS. Resultados: Por medio de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, los resultados mostraron que la SWLS exhibió invarianza configural, métrica y escalar en la comparación entre las muestras de estudiantes chilenos y españoles y según género. Conclusión: Este hallazgo muestra que la SWLS permite comparaciones significativas de medias latentes entre muestras transculturales universitarias. Además, este estudio aporta evidencia de la SWLS como un instrumento válido que puede guiar la creación de políticas para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los estudiantes universitarios de ambos géneros, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo de habla hispana.

Abstract Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used measure of an individuals’ cognitive assessment of subjective well-being. The SWLS has been validated in several contexts and populations, but its cross-cultural measurement invariance in emerging adult samples remains barely explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the SWLS in university students from Chile and Spain and according to gender. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 165 university students from Chile (66.7% women, Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.35), and 109 students from Spain (48.6% women; Mage = 22.9, SD = 2.4) completed the SWLS. Results: Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that the SWLS exhibited configural, metric and scalar invariance in the comparison between the Chilean and Spanish student samples and also according to gender. Conclusions: This finding allows for significant latent mean comparisons between cross-cultural samples. Moreover, this study supports the SWLS as a valid instrument which provides data that can inform policies in order to improve the subjective well-being of university students of both genders, both in developed and developing Spanish-speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Este artículo buscó identificar las variables predictoras de los cambios en hábitos y conductas de consumo responsable en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Método: La muestra se conformó por 110 estudiantes divididos en un grupo experimental (n = 68) y uno control (n = 42). Se consideraron mediciones pre y post intervención, en el marco de un programa piloto de educación financiera para estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía. Se incluyeron análisis de efectos mixtos multinivel, que evaluaron el poder de predicción de las actitudes hacia la compra, el materialismo, la discrepancia del yo, y los niveles de alfabetización financiera sobre el cambio en las conductas de consumo responsable. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que racionalidad (una subescala de las actitudes hacia la compra) y centralidad (una subescala de materialismo) son los predictores significativos de los cambios comportamentales en la compra. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren posibles pautas de intervención para promover el consumo responsable en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract Introduction/objective: The paper sought to identify the predictor variables of changes in habits and behaviours of responsible consumption in students of Pedagogy of History and Geography in the city of Temuco, Chile. Method: The sample comprised of 110 students divided into an experimental (n = 68) and a control (n = 42) group. Pre-and post-intervention measurements were considered, within the framework of a pilot financial education programme for students of Pedagogy of History and Geography. Analyses included Multilevel Mixed Effects Analyses, which evaluated the predicting power of attitudes towards purchasing, materialism, self-discrepancy and levels of financial literacy regarding behavioural change in responsible consumption. Results: The results set forth rationality (a subscale of attitudes toward purchasing), and centrality (a subscale of materialism) as significant predictors of behavioural changes in purchasing. Conclusions: These results suggest guidelines for interventions to promote responsible consumption in university students.

Abstract The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used. The present study aimed at determining the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness while controlling for social desirability, and to explore whether overall satisfaction with life can be predicted by satisfaction with life dimensions while controlling for social desirability. The study had a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional design, with 279 participants from different universities of the Council of Rectors of Chile recruited through a non-probabilistic sampling method for convenience. The participants completed an online questionnaire that inquired about their global and dimensional satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, social desirability, and sociodemographic variables. The data was analysed using partial correlations and multiple regression analyses. Bivariate correlation results indicate weak and direct associations between social desirability and life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and a strong and direct association between the latter. According to the results of the partial correlation analysis, the association between life satisfaction and subjective happiness is maintained even when social convenience is controlled. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicate that although social desirability predicts life satisfaction by itself, when satisfaction with life dimensions is added to the model, social desirability loses its predictive power. In conclusion, although social desirability is associated with the two components, affective and cognitive, of subjective well-being, this association loses predictive power when other variables are considered in predictive models. Study limitations include a relatively low reliability score on the social desirability scale, possible bias due to the study's self-report design and sampling method used.

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Abstract: The study of wave potential at coastal points requires involving many parameters and degrees of freedom of ocean wave motion. In this work, we focus to the two most relevant ones: the wave’s significant height and its periodicity. By means of a descriptive statistical analysis of oceanographic databases from two coastal nodes in Mexico, we present realistic estimations of wave potentials. This work allows advancing the knowledge for the estimation of ocean wave energy potential and can be useful for future design of distributed generation plants based on this renewable alternative.

With low carbohydrate diets glucose becomes unavailable as a source of energy for our body, leading to the production of ketones from fatty acids in the liver. The increase in plasma ketones is known as nutritional ketosis. The available evidence from basic and clinical studies indicates that both low carbohydrate and high fat low carbohydrate diets are effective for weight loss and are better than non-intervention. However, low carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diets induce unique metabolic changes and consistently improve some markers of cardiovascular risk, lowering elevated blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, ApoB and saturated fat concentrations, reducing small dense LDL particle numbers, glycated hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and body weight while increasing HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reversing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Low carbohydrate diets are an efficient strategy for the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. They may also benefit patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. They must be prescribed by trained professionals to balance the risks and benefits for each individual patient. Future research is required to improve the knowledge about individual responses to dietary interventions, their safety, tolerance, efficacy and long-term effects.

ABSTRACT The use of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) has increased worldwide, including procedures such as gamete donation, subrogation and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Growing evidence confirms that pregnancies following these treatments have an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. It is not clear whether the cause of these findings is due to the underlying infertility or the treatments themselves. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the effects of both the different ART procedures and some special types of ART on maternal and perinatal outcomes.

RESUMEN La utilización de técnicas de reproducción asistida (TRA) ha aumentado en todo el mundo, incluyendo procedimientos como la donación de gametos, la subrogación y el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional. Creciente evidencia confirma que los embarazos de pacientes sometidas a estos tratamientos tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales. No queda claro si la causa de estos hallazgos se debe a la infertilidad subyacente o los tratamientos en sí. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resumir la evidencia actual acerca de los efectos sobre los resultados maternos y perinatales tanto de los diferentes procedimientos propios de la fecundación in vitro como de algunos tipos de TRA especiales.

Abstract Introduction: We propose a novel approach for the assessment of the similarity of retinal vessel segmentation images that is based on linking the standard performance metrics of a segmentation algorithm, with the actual structural properties of the images through the fractal dimension. Method: We apply our methodology to compare the vascularity extracted by automatic segmentation against manually segmented images. Results: We demonstrate that the strong correlation between the standard metrics and fractal dimension is preserved regardless of the size of the subimages analyzed. Discussion or Conclusion: We show that the fractal dimension is correlated to the segmentation algorithm’s performance and therefore it can be used as a comparison metric.

Resumen Introducción: Proponemos una nueva metodología para establecer la similitud entre imágenes segmentadas de la red vascular de la retina. El método está basado en vincular métricas estándar con propiedades estructurales a través de la dimensión fractal. Método: Aplicamos nuestra metodología para comparar la vascularidad de imágenes de la retina extraídas de forma automática contra segmentaciones hechas de forma manual. Resultados: Demostramos que existe una fuerte correlación entre las métricas estándar y la dimensión fractal y que esta prevalece incluso si se divide la imagen en sub-imágenes. Discusión o Conclusión: Mostramos que la dimensión fractal esta correlacionada con el rendimiento del algoritmo de segmentación y por tanto puede ser usado como métrica.

Since the decade of 1970 onward in Chile, there has been a substantial change in terms of economic behaviour, which stems mainly from the installation of a neoliberal socioeconomic model. The profound consequences of this change for the Chilean society can be seen to this day, 40 years later, and these consequences include: broader access to goods and services for segments of the population that were previously excluded and/or that were a privilege of the economic elites; the assignation of new meanings to the concepts of purchase; and saving and indebtedness. These are all key concepts for the development and comprehension the neoliberal model. Complementary, the study of university graduates' behaviour is especially relevant in this area, considering that higher education is often thought to play a substantial role in social mobility. In the Chilean context, the transformations of the educational system have favoured the expansion of the admission numbers up to the point that seven of ten Chileans that pursue a graduate degree are the first members of their family to reach this educational level. Considering the above, the present study aims to compare attitudes towards purchase, saving and indebtedness in graduates from a university in southern Chile, by gender, socioeconomic level and faculty. The study follows a quantitative, cross-sectional, non-experimental, ex-post-facto design, with a descriptive-correlational scope. A questionnaire was completed by 120 participants contacted via snowball method. The questionnaire included: the Attitudes toward Indebtedness Scale; Attitudes toward Saving Scale; and Attitudes toward Purchase Scale, a scale that evaluates the participants' socioeconomic level and other sociodemographic information to help describe the sample. Descriptive analyses were carried out, along with mean and median comparisons for gender, socioeconomic level and faculty (t tests for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U tests). Finally, correlation tests with Pearson's r test were carried out to test associations between the scales and subscales. Results showed a profile that is desirable in university graduates in terms of attitudes towards saving, indebtedness and purchase, that is: favourable attitudes toward saving, austerity (a subscale of attitudes toward indebtedness) and rationality (a subscale of attitudes toward purchase), as well as negative attitudes toward hedonism (a subscale of attitudes toward indebtedness), and compulsivity and impulsivity (subscales of attitudes toward purchase). In terms of comparison, differences were found when comparing participants by gender in terms of attitudes toward compulsivity, and by their socioeconomic level by attitudes toward austerity in the indebtedness. Both these differences, although significant, were low when considering their effect size. No differences were found when comparing the faculty to which participants belonged in terms of attitudes toward saving, indebtedness and purchase. Finally, results showed associations between attitudes toward saving and austerity and with rationality, and between compulsivity and austerity (inversely) and with impulsivity. These results highlight the need to strengthen the attitudinal aspect in higher education environments where economic literacy is carried out, aiming to prepare students for their insertion into the workforce and their role as active citizens. Limitations of this study include the subjective self-report measurements used, which are susceptible to the effect of social desirability. This limitation hinders the extrapolation of the results in terms of attitudes into actual behaviour in the real world. Another limitation comes from the sampling method used (snowball) and sample size, which does not allow to generalize the results to the population. Drawing from both findings and limitations, suggestions for future research in the subject of economic literacy and related issues are outlined.

La presente investigación tiene por objeto comparar las actitudes hacia el ahorro, consumo y endeudamiento en titulados de una universidad pública del sur de Chile, a partir de su género, nivel socioeconómico y facultad de procedencia. Cuenta con un diseño cuantitativo, no experimental, ex post facto, de alcance descriptivo-correlacional y de tipo transversal. Se administraron la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento, la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Ahorro, la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Compra y la Escala de Evaluación del Nivel Socioeconómico ESOMAR. Además, se aplicó un cuestionario de preguntas de clasificación sociodemográfica, que fue respondido por 120 titulados universitarios de una universidad pública del sur de Chile contactados mediante el método bola de nieve. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, pruebas de comparación de medias y medianas para dos muestras independientes para las comparaciones según género, nivel socioeconómico y facultad de procedencia (pruebas t para muestras independientes y pruebas U de Mann-Whitney),y pruebas de correlación r de Pearson para identificar posibles asociaciones entre las distintas escalas y subescalas. Los resultados permiten concluir un perfil esperable en cuanto a actitudes hacia el ahorro, endeudamiento y la compra, en titulados universitarios. En relación a las comparaciones, si bien se encontraron algunas diferencias significativas en cuanto a género y nivel socioeconómico de los participantes, resultaron más bien bajas. Finalmente, se hallaron asociaciones entre actitudes hacia el ahorro con austeridad y con racionalidad en la compra. También se encontraron asociaciones entre compulsividad en la compra con austeridad (inversamente) y con impulsividad en la compra, lo que apunta a una coherencia teórica de los constructos y sus dimensiones. Limitaciones del estudio incluyen el uso de medidas de autorreporte, lo que restringe la extrapolación de resultados a contextos fuera del presente estudio. Otra limitación corresponde al método de muestreo utilizado (bola de nieve) y tamaño muestral, lo que no permitiría generalizar los resultados a la población. A partir de los hallazgos y limitaciones, se realizan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones en alfabetización económica.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción familiar, sus relaciones con la satisfacción con la vida de estudiantes universitarios y explorar el rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive, su autopercepción de la salud y de la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra por conveniencia de 269 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Satisfacción con la Alimentación, la subescala de Familia de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida de Estudiantes y el primer ítem del Índice de Calidad de Vida Relacionado con la Salud. Habiendo controlado por género y nivel socioeconómico, se encontró que la satisfacción con la vida del estudiante se relacionó significativamente con la satisfacción con la alimentación y, en menor medida, con su satisfacción familiar. La satisfacción con la alimentación se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la satisfacción familiar. No se encontró un rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive. La autopercepción de salud del estudiante moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la familia, mientras la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la alimentación. Estos resultados sugieren que para incrementar la satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes, es importante mejorar la satisfacción con la familia en los estudiantes que tienen una mala autopercepción de salud, mientras que mejorar la satisfacción con la alimentación es relevante en los estudiantes que asignan baja importancia a la alimentación para su bienestar.

Abstract This study assesses the relationship between food satisfaction and family satisfaction and their relationships to university student life satisfaction, while also exploring the moderating role of the place of student residence, student self-health perception and the importance students assign to food in relation to well-being. A survey was applied to a convenience sample of 269 university students. The questionnaire included: the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life, the family subscale of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale and the first item of the Health-related Quality of Life Index. Having controlled for gender and socioeconomic status, it was found that a student's life satisfaction was significantly related to food satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, family satisfaction. Food satisfaction was positively and significantly related to family satisfaction. A moderating role of student residence was not found. Student health self-perception was found to moderate the relationship between family and life satisfaction, whereas the importance assigned to food in relation to well-being was found to moderate the relationship between food and student life satisfaction. These findings suggest that, in order to increase student life satisfaction, it is important to improve family satisfaction for those students who have a negative health self-perception. Likewise, improving food satisfaction is relevant for those students who gave low importance to food in regard to their well-being.

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida en Estudiantes (MSLSS) (Huebner, 1998) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la zona norte, centro y sur de Chile, examinando indicadores de contabilidad y validez de constructo. Junto a esto, se buscó describir los niveles de satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes y examinar diferencias por género y nivel socioeconómico. El estudio es cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo relacional transversal. La Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida fue aplicada a una muestra intencionada de 306 estudiantes universitarios en el norte, centro y sur de Chile, al igual que un cuestionario que recogió variables sociodemográficas. Se utilizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar el modelo esperado de cinco factores de la versión de 40 ítems de la escala. Los resultados demuestran que la escala tiene un comportamiento psicométrico adecuado para este tipo de población, también se encontraron altos niveles de satisfacción en los dominios generales y específicos, y diferencias en género, mas no en nivel socioeconómico.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale in university students (MSLSS) (Huebner, 1998) in a sample of university students from northern, central and southern Chile, where indicators of reliability and construct validity were examined. Also, it seeks to describe the levels of life satisfaction of students and to examine differences between gender and between socioeconomic statuses. The study is quantitative with a cross-sectional descriptive-relational design. The Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale was applied to a sample of 306 university students in northern, central and southern Chile, as well as a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic variables. It was used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the model expected from the five factors of the 40-item version of the scale. The results showed the scale had adequate psychometric behavior in this type of population, where also high satisfaction levels in overall and specific domains were found, and group differences were found by gender but not by socioeconomic status.

This study sought to determine the relative importance of the country of origin in the selection of four foodstuffs (rice, sugar, chicken meat and oil); to identify consumer segments; and to evaluate which sociodemographic variables affect ethnocentrism in food consumption, through a survey responded by 800 habitual supermarket shoppers in southern Chile. It was determined that the country of origin was the most important attribute in the selection of the four foods. Three consumer segments were distinguished which assigned a different degree of importance to the country of origin, although in two segments the country of origin was highly important in the purchase choice. The consumers of the three segments preferred Chilean foods and expressed a lower preference for food imported from countries that were farther away and more culturally different from Chile. The segments differed significantly in the frequency of purchase of imported foods, reasons for preferring to buy imported foods, and ethnocentrism. It was found that if the respondent was a woman, of older age, belonged to the medium or high socioeconomic level, and had a conservative lifestyle, the probability of being ethnocentric in food consumption increased.

Este estudio buscó determinar la importancia relativa del país de origen en la elección de cuatro alimentos (arroz, azúcar, carne de pollo y aceite); identificar segmentos de consumidores, y evaluar qué variables sociodemográficas afectan el etnocentrismo en el consumo de alimentos, a través de una encuesta respondida por 800 compradores habituales de supermercados en el sur de Chile. Se obtuvo que el país de origen fue el atributo de mayor importancia en la elección de los cuatro alimentos. Se distinguieron tres segmentos de consumidores que asignaron diferente importancia al país de origen, aun cuando en dos de ellos el país de origen tuvo elevada relevancia en la elección. Los consumidores de los tres segmentos prefirieron los alimentos chilenos y expresaron una menor preferencia hacia los alimentos importados desde países más lejanos y diferentes culturalmente de Chile. Los segmentos difirieron significativamente según la frecuencia de compra de alimentos importados, razones para preferir comprar alimentos importados y etnocentrismo. Se obtuvo que si la persona es mujer, si es de mayor edad, pertenece al nivel socioeconómico medio o alto y posee un estilo de vida conservador, aumenta la probabilidad de que sea etnocéntrico en el consumo de alimentos.

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación del desempeño y metodologías de preparación superficial para la aplicación de un sistema de pinturas utilizado en tanques de lastre de embarcaciones marinas. Se caracterizaron las herrumbres típicas encontradas en superficies de embarcaciones, se realizaron pruebas de campo haciendo diferentes preparaciones de superficies en áreas de difícil acceso que permitieran controlar el grado de contaminación por sales solubles, comparando diferentes métodos (Método Bresle, Sleeve test, Saltsmart, cromatografía iónica) y varios perfiles de anclaje (sand blasting, grata y lija, escariador y piqueteo) con el fin de determinar la combinación de los métodos más eficientes en la práctica para la preparación de zonas de difícil acceso. Se evaluaron las propiedades de un sistema de pinturas en laboratorio y en campo durante 7 meses de exposición. Se encontró que los métodos de preparación de superficie por piqueteo y grata + lija son los que presentan el mayor contenido de sales (> de 10 μg/cm2), superando el límite máximo permitido de 5.0 μg/cm2. A partir del método de preparación con escariador están por debajo de los 10 μg/cm2.

Abstract In this paper, different methodologies of surface preparation for applying a paint system used in ballast tanks of marine vessels are studied and their influences in the performance of the paint system are evaluated. Typical rusts found on boat surfaces were characterized, field tests were conducted with different surface preparations in hard-to-reach areas, controlling the contamination degree by soluble salts and comparing different methods (Bresle method, Sleeve test, Saltsmart test and ion chromatography) and different roughness profiles (sand blasting, power grinding and sandpaper, scraping and picketing) in order to determine the more efficient combination of methods for the surface preparation in hard-to-reach areas. Different properties of a paint system were evaluate during laboratory and field exposure tests. The final exposure time was 7 months. It was found that the methods of surface preparation by picketing and power grinding + sandpaper have the higher salt contents (> 10 μg/ cm2), exceeding the maximum permitted limit of 5.0 μg/cm2.

RESUMEN Este estudio presenta un análisis de corrosión del acero al carbono mediante pruebas de polarización electroquímica en un electrodo de disco rotatorio en varias condiciones de aireación e hidrodinámicas en solución 0,2 mol L-1 K2SO4 a pH 3. Las reacciones implicadas en la disolución del acero se analizan estudiando Tafel regiones de las curvas de polarización, lo que confirma que el oxígeno disuelto desempeña un papel predominante en la corrosión del metal. La velocidad de corrosión fue 35 veces mayor en condiciones de aireación natural que en el medio desaireado. Bajo condiciones de aireación natural no es posible realizar un análisis simple de la corrosión del acero a partir de la extrapolación de las pendientes de Tafel, ya que tales pendientes no están bien definidas debido a la formación de óxido en la región anódica y a la influencia del transporte de masa en la región catódica. En los potenciales de polarización catódica y con aireación natural, hay un aumento en las corrientes de polarización con respecto al sistema desaireado y la reacción de reducción de oxígeno es controlada por el transporte de masa. Bajo condiciones desaireadas y en potenciales de polarización intermedios, hay un cambio en el mecanismo de disolución del acero. A altos sobre potenciales, la velocidad de disolución del acero tiende a ser igual en ambos sistemas (aireado y desaireado), porque la corrosión del metal es controlada por la difusión de especies a través de la película de productos de corrosión.

ABSTRACT This study presents a corrosion analysis of carbon steel by electrochemical polarization tests on a rotating disk electrode at several aeration and hydrodynamic conditions in solution 0.2 mol L-1 K2SO4 at pH 3. The reactions involved in the dissolution of the steel are analyzed by studying the Tafel regions of the polarization curves, confirming that the dissolved oxygen plays a predominant role in the corrosion of the metal. The corrosion rate was 35 times higher in natural aeration conditions than in the deaerated medium. Under natural aeration conditions, it is not possible to make a simple analysis of the corrosion of the steel from the extrapolation of the Tafel slopes since such slopes were not well defined due to the formation of rust in the anodic region and the influence of mass transport in the cathodic region. At cathodic polarization potentials and with natural aeration, there is an increase in polarization currents with respect to the deaerated system and the oxygen reduction reaction is controlled by the mass transport. Under deaerated conditions and at intermediate polarization potentials, there is a change in the dissolution mechanism of the steel. At high overpotential, the rate of dissolution of the steel tends to be equal in both systems, aerated and deaerated because the corrosion of the metal is controlled by the diffusion of species through corrosion products film.